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Railway electrification in the Soviet Union
While the former Soviet Union got a late (and slow) start with rail electrification in the 1930s it eventually became the world leader in electrification in terms of the volume of traffic under the wires. During its last 30 years the Soviet Union hauled about as much rail freight as all the other countries in the world combined and in the end, over 60% of this was by electric locomotives. Electrification was cost effective due to the very high density of traffic and was at times projected to yield at least a 10% return on electrification investment (to replace diesel traction). By 1990, the electrification was about half 3 kV DC and half 25 kV AC 50 Hz and 70%〔 of rail passenger-km was by electric railways.
==Comparison to the US and others==
Compared to the US, the Soviet Union got off to a very slow start in electrification but later greatly surpassed the US. Electrification in the US reached its maximum of 5,000 km in the late 1930s〔see "The mystique of electrification" by David P. Morgan, Trains (magazine), July 1970, p.44+. He states that electrification reached its peak (in the US) of 3100 miles (1.23% of route-miles) but fails to give a date. But from the context, the date is between 1924–1957. The last major electrification was by the Pennsy (Pennsylvania Railroad) during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Since electrified mileage had decreased by 2/3 by 1957 (per Morgan) then the peak must have been well before 1957. With the big Pennsy electrification going on in the 1930s, total electrified mileage was likely increasing. This reasoning puts the peak at the end of the 1930s. Дмитриев p. 116 claims that there was almost no new electrification in the US from 1938-1973 which lends more credibility to the guesstimated time of the peak. Statistics on electrification may be found in the annual reports of the now defunct "Interstate Commerce Commission" (but have not yet been checked). Titles include "Annual report of the statistics of railways in the United States" (before 1955) and "Annual report on transport statistics in the United States"〕 which is just when electrification was getting its start in the USSR.
About 20 years after the 1991 demise of the Soviet Union, China became the new world leader in rail electrification with 48 Mm electrified by 2013, and continuing to grow.〔See "Peoples Daily Online" (in English, newspaper) 5 December 2012 (China's electric railway mileage exceeds 48,000 km )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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